{"id":69244,"date":"2026-02-26T13:00:07","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T12:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/biomarkers\/cyp2c9\/"},"modified":"2026-02-26T13:00:10","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T12:00:10","slug":"cyp2c9","status":"publish","type":"biomarkers","link":"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2c9\/","title":{"rendered":"CYP2C9"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"69244\" class=\"elementor elementor-69244 elementor-69220\" data-elementor-post-type=\"biomarkers\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0de2b1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0de2b1e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdc7ac\" data-id=\"dfdc7ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbadd36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dbadd36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is CYP2C9?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d43970 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d43970\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_ded306f09067bd3e\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color preserve-whitespaces-in-response\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">The CYP2C9 gene is the blueprint for one of the most important enzymes in the liver when it comes to processing medications for cardiovascular diseases and pain relief. This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of approximately 15% of clinically relevant medications. Because your CYP2C9 status is genetically determined, it does not change during your lifetime; a test therefore provides permanent information for your medical record.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"1\">The gene determines the rate at which your body processes this medication. A deviation in this rate can lead to a blood level that is either too high (risk of side effects) or too low (no effect).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-997bec5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"997bec5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-81faac4\" data-id=\"81faac4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9027d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9027d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why test your CYP2C9 status?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a497e09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a497e09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_8d54a5802f20e261\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color preserve-whitespaces-in-response\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">painkillers, the margin between an effective dose and a dangerous dose is very small. Insight into your CYP2C9 profile is therefore crucial:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Safe dosing of blood thinners:<\/b> When using coumarins (such as acenocoumarol), slow CYP2C9 activity can lead to excessive blood thinning, resulting in an increased risk of serious bleeding.<\/li>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"188\">Prevention of stomach complaints:<\/b> Many NSAID painkillers are broken down by this enzyme. With a slow metabolism, the medication accumulates, increasing the risk of stomach ulcers and other side effects.<\/li>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"391\">Effective blood pressure control:<\/b> Some blood pressure-lowering drugs must be activated by CYP2C9; if this does not happen, blood pressure remains too high despite medication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff3c558 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff3c558\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a238e4f\" data-id=\"a238e4f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9407a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a9407a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Medicines in which CYP2C9 plays a role<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5a307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f5a307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_34bf1c6843b88b10\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color preserve-whitespaces-in-response\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">The following medication groups are highly dependent on the functioning of the CYP2C9 enzyme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Blood thinners (Anticoagulants):<\/b> e.g., Acenocoumarol and Phenprocoumon.<\/li>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"72\">Painkillers (NSAIDs):<\/b> e.g., Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Celecoxib, and Naproxen.<\/li>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"148\">Antiepileptics:<\/b> e.g., Phenytoin.<\/li>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"181\">Blood pressure lowering drugs (ARBs):<\/b> e.g., Losartan and Irbesartan.<\/li>\n<li data-path-to-node=\"1\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"250\">Diabetes medication:<\/b> e.g., Gliclazide and Tolbutamide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9aab8e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9aab8e5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34da456\" data-id=\"34da456\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f93ef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f93ef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretation of your CYP2C9 status<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2001185 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2001185\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Based on your DNA profile, you are classified into one of four metabolism types. This determines how your body reacts to the aforementioned medication:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d208cb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"d208cb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<table id=\"tablepress-215\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-215 biomarker-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Result<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Interpretatie<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Interpretation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">PM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Poor Metabolizer <br \/>\n(Non-expressor)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme is inactive. This is the case for most Europeans. You have an increased risk of side effects with standard doses of specific medications.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">IM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Intermediate Metabolizer<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme exhibits limited activity. Medication processing is slower than average, often requiring careful dosing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">NM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Normal Metabolizer<br \/>\n(Expressor)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme is active and functioning normally. Certain medications (such as tacrolimus) are broken down more quickly, so a higher dose is often required for effectiveness.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">UM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Ultrarapid Metabolizer<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme works extremely quickly. Medication is removed from the body very quickly, which increases the risk of insufficient effectiveness of the therapy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cd2919 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2cd2919\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3fd3b67\" data-id=\"3fd3b67\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a45a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a45a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Medical interpretation &amp; advice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07f612 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a07f612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Your test results from Easly are cross-referenced with the official medication guidelines of the <b data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"97\">KNMP (G-Standard)<\/b>. This provides you, your pharmacist, and your doctor with a scientific foundation for a personalized treatment plan.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3db9e02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3db9e02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_738089e6976ac12f\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color preserve-whitespaces-in-response\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\"><strong>Important: Always use this result in consultation with your treating physician or pharmacist. Never adjust your dosage independently.<\/strong> Based on your profile, a doctor or pharmacist may decide to optimize the dose or switch to a medication that does not depend on this specific enzyme.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8f4b6b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c8f4b6b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c8ae03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c8ae03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/dna-passport-for-medication\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1260\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-69003\" alt=\"Farmaco biomarker banner\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png 1260w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-1024x374.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-768x280.png 768w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-804x294.png 804w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-1044x381.png 1044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1260px) 100vw, 1260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cdea41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2cdea41\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94d0bce\" data-id=\"94d0bce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-170a096 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"170a096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_bb829c98fccf1116\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color preserve-whitespaces-in-response\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\">\n<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_337f0d8bc8e76c2d\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color preserve-whitespaces-in-response\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\"><strong>Don&#8217;t keep struggling with unexplained side effects.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Do you want to know if your symptoms can be explained by your DNA profile? Take the free <a href=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/dna-paspoort-test-online\/\"><b data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"142\">Pharmacogenetic Quickscan<\/b><\/a> (Only available in Dutch) and get immediate clarity on whether a test is right for you.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a450ca4 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a450ca4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/dna-paspoort-test-online\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Start the Quick Scan<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The CYP2C9 test maps your genetic predisposition for processing blood thinners, NSAID painkillers, and blood pressure medications, so that you and your doctor can prevent serious side effects such as bleeding.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","biomarkers_category":[2233],"class_list":["post-69244","biomarkers","type-biomarkers","status-publish","hentry","biomarkers_category-pharmacogenetics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>CYP2C9 DNA test: Prevent side effects of blood thinners<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how your CYP2C9 gene affects the effectiveness of medications such as ibuprofen and acenocoumarol. 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