{"id":69087,"date":"2026-02-23T14:50:55","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T13:50:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/"},"modified":"2026-02-23T14:51:42","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T13:51:42","slug":"cyp2d6","status":"publish","type":"biomarkers","link":"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/","title":{"rendered":"CYP2D6"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"69087\" class=\"elementor elementor-69087 elementor-68970\" data-elementor-post-type=\"biomarkers\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d1c0e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d1c0e3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1bc1e87\" data-id=\"1bc1e87\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05f2b31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05f2b31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is CYP2D6?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf7cc21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf7cc21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>CYP2D6 is a crucial enzyme in the liver responsible for the breakdown and activation of approximately <strong>25% of all medications<\/strong> prescribed worldwide. Unlike biomarkers like GGT, which can fluctuate, your CYP2D6 status is genetically determined and unchangeable.<\/p>\n<p>The gene determines whether you metabolize medications &#8220;normally,&#8221; or whether this process is far too slow or too fast. This directly impacts the effectiveness of your treatment and the risk of side effects.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64170f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64170f0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7743b1a\" data-id=\"7743b1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-572cf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"572cf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why test your CYP2D6 status?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7911d31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7911d31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When the CYP2D6 enzyme activity is abnormal, the standard dosage of a medication may be unsafe or ineffective for you:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Side effects:<\/strong> If the medication is broken down too slowly, it accumulates in your blood, which can lead to serious side effects, even at a &#8220;normal&#8221; dose.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No effect:<\/strong> If the medication is broken down too quickly, it is removed from your body before it can do its job.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inactive medication:<\/strong> Some medications (such as codeine) require activation by CYP2D6. If the enzyme isn&#8217;t working, you won&#8217;t experience any pain relief.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55912e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55912e4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc21335\" data-id=\"fc21335\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b102c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46b102c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Medicines in which CYP2D6 plays a role<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743745d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"743745d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The following groups of medications are primarily metabolized by the CYP2D6 enzyme. An Easly pharmacogenetic passport is very valuable for these medications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Antidepressants:<\/strong> e.g., Amitriptyline, Venlafaxine, Paroxetine, Fluoxetine.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Beta-blockers:<\/strong> e.g., Metoprolol, Bisoprolol.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Painkillers:<\/strong> e.g., Tramadol, Codeine.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Antipsychotics:<\/strong> e.g., Haloperidol, Risperidone.<br \/>\nOncology: Tamoxifen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f9271ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f9271ec\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9d9c06\" data-id=\"f9d9c06\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5959e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b5959e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretation of your CYP2D6 status<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ee858b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ee858b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Your genetic test results are classified into four metabolism types. This determines how your body responds to the medications mentioned above:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c66961f elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"c66961f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<table id=\"tablepress-191\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-191 biomarker-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Result<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Interpretation<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Impact on Medication<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">PM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Poor Metabolizer<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme doesn't work. High risk of side effects or no effect with prodrugs (such as codeine).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">IM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Intermediate Metabolizer<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme works slowly. Increased risk of side effects; a lower dosage is often desirable.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">NM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Normal Metabolizer<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme is functioning normally. The standard dosage is usually appropriate for your body.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">UM<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Ultrarapid Metabolizer<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">The enzyme works extremely quickly. Medication is broken down too quickly; standard doses are often ineffective.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-191 from cache --><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3432485 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3432485\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6cbce36\" data-id=\"6cbce36\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe35a3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe35a3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Medical interpretation &amp; advice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c8ead1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c8ead1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The results of your test at Easly are checked against the official <strong>KNMP medication guidelines (G-Standard)<\/strong>. This provides you, your pharmacist, and your doctor with a scientific foundation for personalized treatment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25afe30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"25afe30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Important: Always use this result in consultation with your doctor or pharmacist. Never adjust your dosage independently.<\/strong> A doctor or pharmacist may decide to optimize your dosage or switch to a medication that is not dependent on this specific enzyme based on your profile.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb7d32c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fb7d32c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ea0259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5ea0259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/dna-passport-for-medication\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1260\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-69003\" alt=\"Farmaco biomarker banner\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png 1260w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-1024x374.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-768x280.png 768w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-804x294.png 804w, https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1-1044x381.png 1044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1260px) 100vw, 1260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e505f4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e505f4d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a04d59f\" data-id=\"a04d59f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3909bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3909bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Don&#8217;t suffer through unexplained side effect<\/strong>s.<\/p>\n<p>Want to know if your symptoms can be explained by your DNA profile? Take the free <a href=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/dna-paspoort-test-online\/\">Pharmacogenetic Quick Scan<\/a> and get immediate confirmation of whether testing is beneficial for you.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f67faa2 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f67faa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/dna-paspoort-test-online\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Start the Quick Scan<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The CYP2D6 test reveals how your DNA determines the effectiveness and side effects of 25% of all medications, so you can work with your doctor to tailor the dosage precisely to your unique metabolism.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","biomarkers_category":[2233],"class_list":["post-69087","biomarkers","type-biomarkers","status-publish","hentry","biomarkers_category-pharmacogenetics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>CYP2D6 - Easly Shop<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CYP2D6 - Easly Shop\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The CYP2D6 test reveals how your DNA determines the effectiveness and side effects of 25% of all medications, so you can work with your doctor to tailor the dosage precisely to your unique metabolism.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Easly Shop\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-23T13:51:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1260\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"460\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/\",\"name\":\"CYP2D6 - Easly Shop\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-23T13:50:55+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-23T13:51:42+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2026\/02\/Farmaco-biomarker-banner-1.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/cyp2d6\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Biomarkers\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/biomarkers\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"CYP2D6\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.easly.nl\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Easly Shop\",\"description\":\"Safe &amp; 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